Tesla A Blue Ocean Marketing Strategy Essay Example

Tesla: A Blue Ocean Marketing Strategy Paper With its innovative rechargeable batteries, which t using technology from Panasonic laptop batteries and are sourced by Toyota and Adair Wesley, and the Success Of its heighten, $1 KOOK+ Roadster, Tests has achieved margins TTL funding the search and development of a medicine electric vehicle, as well as a wide infrastructure of Supercharger stations that will eliminate the cost of fueling. Teasels products include a luxury Model S sedan priced at $ASK to $ASK, and a small crossover SSL Model X, which is expected to debut in late 2014 for $KICK. Is medicine ($ASK to $40 d Generation, which will achieve 200 miles per charge, as well as the battery packs the hare these products. The electric car market is limited, but growing. In 2013, it held 38 pepper get share of the 15. 5 million vehicles sold in the United States. Rising environment rareness and encores with climate may well overcome consumer concerns with PRI. Romance, and styling, and Musks product addresses all of these. His go al is to develop streetcar product that will sell for under $ASK because a Navigate survey indicated that ; .NET of consumers name that as their purchasing ceiling (Slipperiness). US and Chinese govern- .NET incentives will further sweeten that price lure if social consciousness fails In its motivation. A PEST industry analysis addresses Teasels challenges. Political barriers include e a strong lobby of petroleum and auto man effectuates and distributorships, whose tax s currently support Tate governments. Forthright out of 52 US states ban auto sales outside of d stratospheric; Tests distribution eliminates that middleman. Exchange and import rates, as well as quantitative easing, may impact Teasels economic position. In spite of these barriers, Tests enjoys green support and a technology advantage derived from its clean, efficient, compete dive product; its littà ©rateur development; and its infrastructure and freewheeling vision. A arc view of Porters five forces indicates high buyer power, low supplier power, low threat of new entrants, high threat from substitutes, and high rivalry. A SOOT analysis suggests that the SSL renege of a willingness, safe, economically competitive product, complete with a welled beloved infrastructure, trumps political interference and an unusual distribution plan. We will write a custom essay sample on Tesla: A Blue Ocean Marketing Strategy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tesla: A Blue Ocean Marketing Strategy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tesla: A Blue Ocean Marketing Strategy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Tests is poised to offset anticipated rising gas prices and shortage of renewable energy and to t cake advantage of a potential supplier role and overseas expansion, in spite of competition from ( there manufacturers and threats from distributorship laws and lobbies. Teasels plan is to market its innovative, practicalities product, using a multi( Handel approach that is consistent with the brands message of transparency and vale e. Using mall kiosks and galleries, it will inform potential customers and transmit its brand. Sing online ordering, similar to that of heighten electronic distributorship, Teasels strategy will successfully transform the transportation industry. BUY. 450. 710. 52 Tastes Blue ocean strategy page 3 Currently Teasels targets include tech enthusiasts, environmentalists, luxury r drives, and sport car enthusiasts, and by the end Of 2014, it plans to roll out a car the t is accessible to the mainstream buyer. In this, we believe that Tests will become a successf ul for e to be reckoned with. Current Business Situation Tests Motors, headquartered in Palo Alto, California, designs and manufacture battledores electric vehicles and electric vehicle perpetration component: The company was founded in 2003, and although there was some initial contention as to who c exactly could claim to be a expounder, a lawsuit settled in 2009 between current CEO Leon Musk an former CEO Martin Bernhard determined that in addition to the two aforementioned me JOB Statures, Marc Tarpapering, and Ian Wright could claim roles as expounders (Lamina, 2009 None of Teasels founders had a background in the car industry, nor did its original engineer g team (Van den Steen, 2014) they were simply passionate about creating an innovative, us enable form of transportation. Worldwide Tests currently employees more than 2,000 people , operates 31 sales and service centers, and is on the road in 37 counties (Tests. Com, 2014). Billionaire and entrepreneur Leon Musk, who had previously founded Zip AR expounded Papal, became Chairman of the Board in 2004 when he invested $6. 3 million of his own personal funds in the first round Of Teasels capital investment (Davis, 20 0). Musk immediately zeroed in on Teasels overall business strategy, which aimed to port his vision of overhauling the current global transportation infrastructure by developing a d manufacturing electric cars that would perform as well as or better than their superpowers c underpants. Although Musk did not assume the role of CEO and product architect at Test until 2008 (Morrison, 2008), he shared his business plan for Tests via the companys bloc in 2006. Wired Magazine summed his audacious threes business plan: First, develop a heighten, historiographer sports car to prove that electric vehicles were both cool and feasible. Second, roll out a luxury sedan that would compete with heighten brands like BMW an Mercedes. Third, produce hundreds of thousands of lowest electric vehicles for the mass sees, (Davis, 2010). After coffining Tests, Musk went on to found the private space trans operation company Spaces, and became the largest shareholder and chairman of Solar City, a provider of solar power systems (Van den Steen, 2014). Product Information In line with Musks strategy, Tests focused first on the heighten market where t he greatest profit margin could be attained while working to perfect the product. Tastes Tests Motors first product, launched in 2006, was the Roadster, a small, highlighter menace sports car hat was 100 percent powered by a rechargeable, electric Lithium battery. Tests designed and produced the cars perpetration in-house in California, and joined with Lotus to design the body and framework, and the vehicle was assembled by Lotus in the U. K. (Van den Steen, 2014). The Roadster not only accelerated from O to 60 MPH in less than four seconds, who ICC was on par with many modern Ferreira models (Van den Steen, 2014), it could be recharged in f our hours by a 220V01t outlet and had a range Of 240 miles on a single charge (Foes, 2012). BUY 450. 710. 2 Teasels Blue Ocean Strategy Page 4 Unlike many other car manufactures who were developing rechargeable elect rice batteries from scratch, Tests assembled its rechargeable battery pack from slightly MO deified industrialized commodity Lithium batteries in the 1 8650 form factor, who ICC was commonly used for laptops, and supplied by Panasonic (Van den Steen, 2014) . Tests and Panasonic cooperated to modify the design for car usage, paying particular at tension to safety and the risk of overheating a nd fire. Tests also designed a liquid cooling system m to keep the batteries on the optimal temperature. The perpetration design was proprietary ND Tests did not reveal much about it (Van den Steen, 2014). According to the Harvard Business School case, Plugging In the Consumer: The Adoption of Electrically Powered Vehicles in the U. S. , Tests delivered 500 Roadsters to the U. S. Market in 2009 at a starting price of $109,000. The Roadster was not mass m reeked, although it did receive a great deal of press coverage, including Time Magazines dubious Best Inventions of 2006 award in the Transportation category. The positive buzz generated h eloped Tests craft their image and gain brand awareness. Furthermore, the press potentially chi engaged how people thought about electric cars by using expressions like headhunter, gastropod ere, future of the automobile, and comparing its performance to a Ferreira or Borsch, rather TTT an focusing on Teasels environmental benefits (Van den Steen, 2014). In January 2010, Tests a announced at that it had sold its one thousandth Roaster at the Detroit Auto Show (Foes, 2012), and when it produced its 2,500 Roadster in 2012, thus fulfilling its contract with Lotus, Test a discontinued the model. By targeting early adopters who were willing to not only pay a premium for TTL- e newest, cost innovative product, but were willing to accept the risk of glitches in order r to have it, Tests was able to generate revenue from investors, including Panasonic Corp.. , Dad miler GAG, and Toyota Motor Corp.. For additional research and development to finitude the r technology. Tests Motors began focusing on its second phase of its business strategy with the unveiling of its Model S sedan in March 2009, which was designed to seat five to seven people e, depending on the package purchased, and cover between 160300 miles on a single charge, depending on which battery pack was chosen. With a base listing price of $57,400 (which fed rail tax credits of $7, 500 reduced to just below $ask), the Model S helped shift Tests away from its niche, boutique status and into a broader marketplace (McKenna, 2009). However, with most accustomed Model Gs pricing out between $70,000 and $90,000, depending on the various features chosen, it was still primarily positioned to compete in the luxury seed n market, against vehicles like the Mercedes S class, Audio 6, and BMW 7 series. In 2010, Tests launched its PIP and became a publicly traded company within the United States, a move that generated enough funding for Tests to purchase a factory and begin building TTS Model S sedan (Australia, 2010). Furthermore, Tests leveraged its power, reliability, and reputation amongst its peers and competitors to form numerous alliances to manufacture and sell electric drive motors to Toyota (Lexus) and Demolishers (Mercedes and S mart Car) (Mueller, 2013). By 2011, although Tests had yet to report an annual profit, it w as poised to become the first profitable maker of battledores electric vehicles. In late 201 1, before the first Model S was actually produced, Tests announced that it had sold out of it s 2012 production BUY . 450. 710. 2 Teasels Blue Ocean Strategy Page 5 opacity, with orders for more than 6,500 vehicles of which most were new buyers, with only about 600 being original Roadster owners (Manson, 201 1). In 2012, Tests AC hived positive cash flow, and its stock has since catapulted 1,000 percent (Musk, 2012). The Model S sedan has become one of the bestselling luxury sedans within the e United States and has outsold most rivals each quarter since it began production in 2 012 (Validates, 2013). Teasels global sales were estimated to be in excess of 2 5,000 units by the end of 2013 (Shaman, 2014). According to Bloomberg, Teasels sales in 2014 are estimated to exceed 35,000 units, as it expands into China (Manson, 2014). The impressive e sales of the Model S have been undoubtedly spurred by its numerous accolades. Motor Try end awarded the Model S with the Motor Trend Car of the Year award in 201 3 and Consumer Reports awarded the car with their top ranking two years in a row for 2013 and 2014 stating the e Model S [is] the best car it had ever tested giving it almost a perfect score (CNN Money, 2014). In late 2012, Tests Motors used its blob to unveil the Model X, a small crossover ere sport utility vehicle (SLID) with seating for seven passengers and optional allele d rive (Tests Motors, 2012). Production on this model was supposed to begin in 2013, but Tests later decided to focus on profitability and production of the Model S, so production was PU shed back to late 2014. Pricing will most likely be around SSL 00,000 and will compete with the hi Ghent Subs offered by BMW and Mercedes (Barman, 2013). The vehicle will feature unique e fallowing doors that open upward, rather than outward, and it is expected to achieve 2 67 miles per charge and O to 60 miles per hour in 4. 4 seconds. John Gather of Pike Research states [a]s the first electrified models in the SSW crossover category, the Tests Model X along with the Scam Energy have a chance to win over customers who, while generally not being as attuned to the environmental benefits of Eves, are also less price sensitive (Motivational 2012). To support its continued growth, Tests has begun investing heavily in its infra structure. As a free service to its customers, Tests provides free charging services via their Supercharger stations located in major cities and along highways throughout the United Sat test and in some European countries. Musk has stated that the use of Tests Superchargers, who ICC can supply a car with 150 miles of range on a minute charge and 200 miles on a minute c hang, will be ere to Tests customers forever (Motivational, 2012). Tests plans to invest addition anal capital to expand the networks reach. Teasels innovative, hightail product, sound business strategy, and strategic partnerships have paved the way for Tests to move full speed ahead into phi SE three of its business strategy. Appendix A, Figure 1, shows Teasels products to date. As Et Sal anticipates launching new products geared towards additional market segments with high her volume and lower margins, namely production of a mass market electric car by approximant tally 2017, the company is currently building out its supercharger network, and investing in f story space for manufacturing, and expanding its sales and services centers in both in the . ND abroad. Market BUY. 450. 710. 52 Teasels Blue Ocean Strategy Page 6 The market for plugging electric vehicles (Pees), of which there are three main TTY pees that use an electric motor (either alone or in combination with a gas engine) and a battery that must be replenished by plugging the vehicle in to an external power source and el citric motor, is currently growing, a s evidenced by Appendix A. Relative to the overall industry y, however, the total electric drive market share, which also includes Hybrids, is very limited making up only about 3. Recent, or roughly 592,000, electrified vehicles against a 15. 5 mil ion in total vehicle sales within the United States, as shown in Appendix B (Electric Drive 1 remonstration Association, 2014). Experts believe that the growth of this market is stifled beck cause the total cost of these vehicles still substantially exceeds that of their superpowers counters arts, as shown in Appendix C. The high cost of Eves is driven by the electric battery. Teasels skew h battery pack was estimated to cost about US $15,000 18,000, although battery costs have decreased by about ten percent per year between 2009 and 201 2 (Van den Steen, 2014). Ad additionally, some consumers still believe that they must compromise overall performance or SST yelling in order to drive an electric vehicle. To further the advancement of these vehicles the U. S. Government begun pro viding tax incentives of up to $7,500 for those who purchased Eves after 2010 to offset SC me of the cost premium. Depending on the make and model, these incentives can bring Eves down to around $25,000. The $25,000 number is key with Teasels third generation car because findings from Navigates recent consumer survey showed that 71 percent of nectar buyers dont want to spend ore than $25,000 on their next vehicle (Slipperiness, 2014). After the tax cry edits are applied, the Ionians Leaf is priced at about $22,300, which is within the price range of a approximately 75 percent of US car buyers, but removing the credits eliminates half of these buy years, and only about 37 percent can afford the purchase (Slipperiness, 2014).

Black Holes Essays (607 words) - Black Holes, General Relativity

Black Holes Essays (607 words) - Black Holes, General Relativity Black Holes Black Holes Black holes are one of the more bizarre and intriguing predictions of Einstein's theory of gravity. Surprisingly, there is now a great deal of observational evidence that black holes do exist, both in binary star systems and at the center of most galaxies, including our own. Although we are gaining more knowledge of black holes, they still remain one of the strangest things anyone has ever heard of, and we may never know what exactly one of these things are and can do. It is impossible to manufacture black holes in a laboratory. The density of matter required is too great. In order to make a black hole the size of a baseball, you would have to pack all the matter in and on the Earth into a volume the size of a fist. Nature can make black holes, however. Matter naturally collapses unless there is some other force to hold it up. The objects in a room are kept from collapsing by electromagnetic forces. The gas in an active star is held up by thermal pressure. However, once a star uses up its thermonuclear fuel, it starts to collapse, and if there is enough mass to overcome other, microscopic forces, it collapses into a black hole. According to Einstein's theory, if we could pack enough matter into a small enough volume, the thing created inside will get so deep that the matter inside can never escape. A circle of no return forms. Any matter that passes the point of no return can no longer escape to the outside world. It necessarily keeps collapsing, moving towards the center. It gets deeper and deeper until finally a hole is literally torn in the fabric of spacetime: the density of matter at the center becomes essentially infinite. Thus, what is meant by a hole in the fabric of spacetime is: a tiny region of space where the known laws of physics break down. A black hole is a region of space so tightly packed with matter, that nothing, not even light can escape. Hidden at its center is a tear in the fabric of spacetime. Stephen Hawking showed in the mid-seventies that black holes aren't actually black. They glow in the dark. They emit radiation via microscopic processes that occur just outside the horizon. This means black holes ultimately evaporate. In reality, though, a solar mass black hole will take many times the lifetime of the Universe to evaporate. In some sense, a black hole marks a boundary to spacetime: a horizon beyond which no one can see without travelling through it. This radius of no return is called the event horizon of the black hole. All the bumps and wriggles of the matter from which they were formed are smoothed out as the matter contracts, so that the final shape of the horizon is always perfectly smooth and round. This is where everything gets really weird. To a distant observer, events near the horizon appear to slow down. If you drop a clock into a black hole it appears to tick more and more slowly as it approaches the event horizon. Time actually appears to stop right at the horizon. The clock's motion towards the black hole also slows down and to a distant observer it takes literally forever to fall through. If you fell in the event horizon with the clock, you would be sucked into the singularity in no time. As you fall, time and space become jumbled, and you cant control your falling to the center as much as you cant help yourself falling into the future. Black holes are definitely one of the most bizarre things anyone has ever heard of. We will never totally understand everything about them. They make up only a small part of our mysterious universe, though.

Company Sustainable Development Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Company Sustainable Development - Dissertation Example The sustainable business operations have greatly benefited the TMC to improve its competitive edge and strengthen its financial position. Toyota has been successful in making their customers aware of the company’s environmental sustainability efforts. The organization increasingly relies on sustainability reports and social networking sites to communicate its sustainability initiatives to the company stakeholders. The emergence of globalization eliminated international trade barriers and thus intensified the cross-border flow of capital, labor, ideas, and cultures. Evidently, globalization and the resulted fast industrial expansion contributed to various issues like global warming, climate change, water pollution, and increased energy consumption, which in turn pose potential threats to the long-term sustainability of the environment today. There has also been a notable increase in the population growth over the last two decades, and that worsened the condition. Researchers indicate that world’s current non-conventional energy sources will be consumed out if people and organizations continue to consume the energy at the current rate. Therefore, it is necessary to limit the use of conventional energy sources, maintain water quality, and take other environmental actions to meet the needs of future generations. However, companies like Toyota have adopted the concept of sustainable developm ent to drive environment-conscious growth and thereby enjoy wider market acceptance. TMC encourages and establishes innovative technologies to reduce the environmental impacts of its business operations and inspires local communities to support the company’s environmental efforts. In this context, it is relevant to explore how a company can pursue sustainable development in order to contribute to the competitive edge and financial position. Toyota

Hans Morgenthau and Kenneth Waltz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Hans Morgenthau and Kenneth Waltz - Essay Example According to the conventional view, realism is apprehensive with how the humankind is in contrast with the ideal situation, this is to mean that it is an empirical rather than normative paradigm. Realism views things from a pessimistic perspective since it emphasizes on the patterns of power politics that are dominant in the global political arena manifested through wars, recurring conflicts and rivalry among nations. Issues such as balance of power and security threats and measures are the main tools that the realism uses in the study of world politics; in addition, realists consider a state as the main player in international politics. Realism pays special attention to the most powerful states as they have a greater say in international politics compared to the less powerful states, the behaviour of these states usually dictates the patterns of international relations since they are considered rational egoists whose self interests come first. In the orthodox view, four differences are evident between classical realism and structural realism; the first difference is that while classical realism tries to locate the source of international conflict and wars to the imperfect nature of human beings, structural realism attributes these conflicts and wars to the anarchic nature of the international political system. The second difference is that while classical realism recognises the state as the most superior player in international relations, structural realism recognizes the role played by agents.... Realism pays special attention to the most powerful states as they have a greater say in international politics compared to the less powerful states, the behaviour of these states usually dictates the patterns of international relations since they are considered rational egoists whose self interests come first. In the orthodox view, four differences are evident between classical realism and structural realism; the first difference is that while classical realism tries to locate the source of international conflict and wars to the imperfect nature of human beings, structural realism attributes these conflicts and wars to the anarchic nature of the international political system. The second difference is that while classical realism recognises the state as the most superior player in international relations, structural realism recognizes the role played by agents. The third difference is that classical realism recognises the original super powers and the new powers in international rel ations while structural realism recognizes states as independent and unitary actors. The fourth difference is that while structural realism uses scientific methodology to study international relations which is influenced by the behaviourist revolution of the 1960’s, classical realism studies international relations based on based on an individual’s subjective valuations. Defining power Realism believes that the actions of a country are to a large extent determined by events that happen in the international arena. Hans Morgenthau defines power as the anything that gives a man control over another person; this includes both physical aggression and psychological manipulation of the subjects. According to Hans, the most important material

Violent Media Content Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Violent Media Content - Assignment Example This kind of violence provokes emotions that could lead to aggression. The first scene under description concerns where â€Å"Tom makes a dangerous deal†. It takes place at an unoccupied house. Elias, who is the leader of three criminals, wants to know where Red is and they are using Tom who is the husband to Elizabeth Keen. To their surprise, they find out that she is an FBI agent who complicates things as Elias and his crew doesn’t want the FBI involved in their search. Tom, in turn, voluntarily offers to help them and in turn his partner is killed so as not to leak out that Tom had made a dangerous deal. Tom portrays the character of a traitor where he voluntarily decides to help Elias and his crew to get Mr. Red. He ignores that his wife Liz is always near Mr. Red thus endangering her too. All this transpire amid a lot of violence, threats and vulgar language. On the second encounter in the episode â€Å"Red Buries the Lead†, Mr. Demarcus hires Mr. Verger to kill Red at an abandoned house so as to take the full deal on investment with the Indonesian government to contract their company to run the port of Tranquillo. Mr. Verger turns out to mislead Demarcus. Here, Red tells his life story of how he worked at a carpet shop through the summer and in turn one day his boss gave him a forty dollar bonus which he considered the most valuable money he ever made, the most priceless and says â€Å"value loyalty above all other things† . He tells Mr. Damarcus that the former deputy minister died when his arrangements to secure a donors heart did not go as planned but he says that the new deputy minister views things his way. He picks the gun and shoots Mr. Darmacus in the chest. Mr. Red is a corrupt, selfish and heartless man and he finds pleasure in the former minister’s death so as to get what he wants. In view of this, the mo ral lesson learned is to embrace royalty wisely, not necessarily in the wrongdoing but also in the right. There are

Looking At Jargon And Acronyms English Language Essay

Looking At Jargon And Acronyms English Language Essay According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, jargon is the technical terminology or characteristic idiom of a special activity or group. In other words, Jargon is a highly specialized terminology different from the standard form of language. It is a sort of shorthand to quickly convey messages between group members. It is usually considered to be a communication barrier as it is difficult to understand by people unfamiliar with the specialized terminology. Fields that are extensively characterized by jargon include medical, engineering, sports, Information Technology , Internet and many more. Consider your target audience before including jargon in your writing. If your writing is aimed at a person familiar with the specific field, then the use of jargon is appropriate. It results in an efficient transferring of information to experts in a language they are familiar with. If, however, the intended audience is a lay person, avoid the use of jargon. Include clear descriptions and definitions instead. In such cases, use of jargon creates a distance between your writing and the reader. Some examples of computer jargon are as follows: Burn Create a CD or DVD. Character A letter of the alphabet, number, space or punctuation mark For a detailed list of computer jargon and acronyms visit the following link: http://www.jonstorm.com/glossary/ Some examples of medical jargon are as follows:   Abduction to move a limb or some other body part away from the midline of the body. Breath sounds the sounds heard through a stethoscope placed on the chest over the lungs For a detailed list of medical jargon and acronyms visit the following link: http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words04/usage/jargon_medical.html Some examples of physics jargon are as follows:  Ã‚   Singularity A negative point in space and time where all laws of quantum physics are meaningless, because all aspects take on infinite values. Ground State- is the lowest amount of energy as determined by quantum rules For a detailed list of physics jargon visit the following link: http://www.sciforums.com/showthread.php?t=73869 Some examples of financial jargon are as follows:  Ã‚   Ask The price at which someone who owns a security offers to sell it; also known as the asked price. Market Close Date Date on which the closing Net Asset Value (NAV) was last calculated. For a detailed list of financial jargons and acronyms visit the following link: http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words04/usage/jargon_financial.html Some examples of legal jargon are as follows Motion the request made by either side to the court requesting the court to rule or take action on their behalf. Bench term used to refer to judges or the court. For a detailed list of legal jargons and acronyms visit the following link: http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words04/usage/jargon_legal.html Following is an article from AutoBiz( Irelands Motor Magazine) Thursday, January 10, 2008 Buyers baffled by techno jargon The average car buyer is completely baffled by technical jargon and does not know his ABS from his SUV. That is the finding of a survey conducted by website motoring.co.uk of 2,500 would-be car purchasers. 32% of drivers surveyed did not know that ABS stood for anti-lock braking system and 23% failed to associate BHP with brake horsepower. Katie Armitage, marketing manager of Motors.co.uk, commented boot space, comfort and cup holders are the kind of things buyers want to know about rather than being overwhelmed with technical jargon they dont understand. The 10 top terms that confused car buyers were: 1. SUV (sports utility vehicle) 2. MPV (multi-purpose vehicle) 3. BHP (brake horsepower) 4. ABS (anti-lock braking system) 5. Traction control 6. Cruise control 7. Hybrid 8. Understeer 9. 4WD (four wheel drive) 10. RDSS (radio determination satellite service) ACRONYM Acronyms often occur in jargon. According to answers.com (http://www.answers.com/acronym) An Acronym is a word formed from the initial letters of a name. Consider for example: ACE Angiotension-converting enzyme ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Guidelines for Using Acronyms Use upper case for writing acronyms, and do not use periods. Acronyms are not capitalized in cases where they are used as common nouns for example, laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation), radar (Radio Detection and Ranging), or scuba (Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus). When using an acronym, prefer the full form at the first point of usage and provide the acronym in parentheses. The next time when you use the acronym in the document the reader will not misinterpret it to something else. Following is an example illustrating this point. In most current applications of Computer-Aided drug Design (CADD), attempts were made to find the ligand that will interact favorably with a receptor that represents the target size. Binding of ligand to the receptor may include hydrophobic, electrostatic and hydrogen-binding interactions. In addition, solvation energies of the ligand and receptor site also are important partial to complete desolvation must occur prior to binding. This approach to CADD optimizes the fit of a ligand in a receptor site. This convention is necessary because an acronym may have different full forms in different fields, writing, and industry. Have a look at the following table: CADD Computer-Aided Drafting and Design CADD Computer-Aided Design Drafting CADD Computer-Aided Drug Design CADD Combined Arms Doctrine Directorate CADD Computer-Aided Design Development CADD Complex Add CADD Combat Air Delivery Division CADD Customer Acquisition Due Diligence (banking) CADD Computer Aided Detector Design CADD Computer Aided Design and Drafting Source: http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/Computer-Aided+Design+Development Another Example: ACE in medical terms means Angiotension-converting enzyme ACE in computer terms means Adaptive Communication Environment If you are writing an internal document feel free to use the most common acronyms prevalent in your organization or industry. There is no need to provide full form. If your text contains many acronyms, it is better to provide the readers with the list of terms. Use a lowercase s without an apostrophe to create plurals of acronyms. Neeru and her sister have identical IQs. Acronym Database: http://www.acronymdb.com/browse/ USE OF ABBREVIATIONS: Merriam Webster online dictionary describes abbreviation as a shortened form of a written word or phrase used in place of the whole. Abbreviations often confuse a reader try to keep them to a minimum by avoiding the usage of unnecessary abbreviations Following are some guidelines for using abbreviations: When using an abbreviation, prefer the full form at the first point of usage and provide the abbreviation in parentheses. The next time when you use the abbreviation in the document the reader will not misinterpret it to something else. Following is an example illustrating this point. Abbreviate terms and words in graphics to save space. Never use an abbreviation in the title of a paper. This gives rise to problems in indexing. Moreover, there may be a change in abbreviation which may give rise to problems of recognition of the abbreviation in the future. E.g. According to Daimler Annual Report, 2007 due to the transfer of a majority interest in Chrysler and the related change of the corporations name, the stock-exchange abbreviation was changed from DCX to DAI. Abbreviate certain words and phrases like Examples of some words: Dr., Mr., Ms., B.A., Ph.D., A.D. Examples of some phrases: et al. (and others in Latin) i.e. (that is in Latin) e.g. (for example in Latin) Do not use two abbreviations in a title of a person at the same time. For example: write either Dr. Har Gobind Khurana, or Har Gobind Khurana, Ph.D.; NOT Dr. Har Gobind Khurana, Ph.D. As stated in Mayfield Handbook of Scientific and Technical Writing, if you need to coin an abbreviation to make a word fit into some limited space, such as in a drawing or table, the most common approach is to cut the word off, five letters long or so, after the consonant following the first, second, or last syllable. Thus magnetic becomes mag. and environmental becomes envir. The usage of a or an before an abbreviation depends on the sound of the first alphabet of the spelled out term. For example: She possesses an M.Pharm degree. Note that you read out M.Pharm as em pharm and e is a vowel so you use an M.Pharm and not a M.Pharm. SI UNITS: As stated in Wikipedia -The International System of Units (SI) defines a set of base units, from which other derived units may be obtained. The abbreviations, or more accurately symbols (using Roman letters, or Greek in the case of ohm) for these units are also clearly defined together with a set of prefixes for which there are also abbreviations or symbols. The 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures (1960) adopted the name Systà ¨me International dUnità ©s (International System of Units, international abbreviation SI), for the recommended practical system of units of measurement. The base units are seven well-defined and dimensionally independent units. They are: the meter, the kilogram, the second, the ampere, the kelvin, the mole, and the candela. Derived units are defined as products of powers of the base units. When the product of powers includes no numerical factor other than one, the derived units are called coherent derived units. The base and coherent derived units of the SI form a coherent set, designated the set of coherent SI units (SI brochure, Section 1.4). Some guidelines to write the SI Units are as follows: Never insert a period after or inside a unit; both 5 c.m. and 5 c.m are wrong. Instead it should be written as 5 cm. Followed it with a period only if it is at the end of a sentence. In Section 5.3.3. of The International System of Units (SI), the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) states The numerical value always precedes the unit, and a space is always used to separate the unit from the number. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The only exceptions to this rule are for the unit symbols for degree, minute, and second for plane angle. This means always write 10 km and not km 10 And 10 km and not 10km Never change the case of letter of an SI unit. Each case may denote a different unit. E.g. S denotes siemens which is a unit of conductance whereas s denotes second which is a unit of time. However, symbol for litre is allowed to be L to help avoid misunderstanding with an upper case i (I)or a numeric one(1). Table 1: PREFIXES AND ABBREVIATIONS FOR SI UNITS Source: http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8_en.pdf Table 2- SI UNITS Source: http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8_en.pdf Table3- Examples of Derived units expressed in terms of base units Source: http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8_en.pdf Table 4-Coherent derived units in the SI with special names and symbols Source: http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8_en.pdf Table 5- Examples of SI coherent derived units whose names and symbols include SI coherent derived units with special names and symbols Source: http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8_en.pdf Please visit NSTC website for the following: Select list of words, phrases and expressions that have to be avoided. Select list of common errors in spelling and style. Select list of accepted contractions and symbols.

Leonardo Da Vinci Essay -- Biography Biographies Bio

Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519), Florentine artist of the Renaissance (the period of Western European history stretching from the early 14th century to the mid to late 16th century), a painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and scientist. His deep love for nature, knowledge, research and experience, was the central reason of both his artistic and scientific accomplishments. " Though I have no power to quote from authors as they do I shall rely on a bigger and more worthy thing-on experience."{The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci pg.2} His originality in the field of painting influenced the course of Italian art for more than a century after his death, and his scientific studies--particularly in the fields of anatomy, optics, and hydraulics--anticipated many of the developments of modern science. His amazing powers of observation and skill as an illustrator enabled him to notice and recreate the effects he saw in nature, and added a special liveliness to his portraits. Curious as well as observant, he constantly tried to explain what he saw, and described many experiments to test his ideas. Because he wrote down and sketched so many of his observations in his Notebooks, it's known that he was among the very first to take a scientific approach towards understanding how our world works, and also reveal his sense of freedom, by disagreeing with the authorities (Bible, Aristotle, Plato) of his time. Leonardo Da Vinci is one of the greatest figures of Renaissance due to his contributions to the world artistically, scientifically and more importantly his freedom of thought, according to his Notebooks. Leonardo's close relationship with nature along with his curiosity led him to many discoveries that have become exceedingly useful to all h... ...ues of perspective. He opened the doors of human freedom for many thinkers that came after him. His sense of freedom and independence is seen throughout his work. What makes Leonardo exceptional is the notion that he acquired all his knowledge through experience. In Leonardo's period freedom of thought or speech did not exist, as it does today. All persons were forced to agree and go along with authorities, which at that time were the Bible, Plato and Aristotle. If people were critical of the authorities they would deal with deadly consequences. Leonardo did not hesitate; using his Notebooks he expressed his thoughts freely. Throughout his life he questioned and criticized the authorities. His freedom of thought and courageousness opened many doors for other scholars. Works Cited 1452, and 1519. The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci Complete. Public Domain Books, 2004.